{"id":641,"date":"2026-07-08T12:37:17","date_gmt":"2026-07-08T12:37:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/americanlivingreport.com\/?p=641"},"modified":"2026-07-08T12:37:17","modified_gmt":"2026-07-08T12:37:17","slug":"leather-is-not-an-innocent-byproduct-of-the-meat-industry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/americanlivingreport.com\/?p=641","title":{"rendered":"Leather is not an innocent byproduct of the\u00a0meat\u00a0industry"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The climate case against beef is now almost boringly well-established: It is, by far, the most carbon-intensive food in the world, amounting to about of all global greenhouse gas emissions. But cows don\u2019t just become burgers and steaks. They also become shoes, bags, couches, and car interiors \u2014 products often marketed with a very different story about sustainability.<\/p>\n

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Leather has often been defended in the fashion industry as an essentially harmless by-product of meat production \u2014 a waste material that would otherwise be thrown in the trash. But if you think about it, that assumption is kind of weird: The global leather market is valued at hundreds of billions of dollars annually, and hides are an important revenue stream for cattle producers. We wouldn\u2019t say that paper is a waste product of timber production just because the most valuable parts of the tree are used for lumber. Likewise, animal hides help support extra profits for cattle farming and also carry a share of that industry\u2019s emissions and other planetary impacts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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A recent meta-analysis published in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering<\/em> reveals that cow leather\u2019s carbon footprint is much larger than we thought: 70 percent larger than previous estimates. Using the study\u2019s emissions estimate, Vox calculated that a men\u2019s leather wallet would carry the emissions equivalent of roughly four American-made beef burgers; a leather tote bag, meanwhile, might be comparable to roughly 35 burgers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Pound for pound, the researchers estimate, bovine leather emits more than 12 times as much as vegan leathers made from materials ranging from synthetics like polyurethane \u2014 mass-market pleather \u2014 to next-generation fungi- and plant cellulose-based leathers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Mikaila Roncevich, the study\u2019s lead author and a graduate student in the department of fiber science and apparel design at Cornell University, cautioned me that there\u2019s still some uncertainty in the precise numbers due to gaps in the data on global cattle and leather supply chains. But the core insight of the paper for consumers remains the same. \u201cIf [leather\u2019s] footprint is shocking or seems high to people, I think it should be a push to keep reflecting on the impact of raising animals for products,\u201d Roncevich said. Leather may benefit (along with wool and other animal-derived materials) from a natural image, but on closer examination, it helps sustain one of the world\u2019s most polluting, environmentally destructive industries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Why leather\u2019s carbon footprint has been so underestimated<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The climate impact of beef and other foods has been relatively well documented \u2014 and covered exhaustively in outlets like this one \u2014 thanks in part to a landmark 2018 paper that consolidated and compared data for about 40 of the world\u2019s most popular agricultural goods. But \u201cmuch less attention has been paid to impacts of textiles and materials that originate from [these] farms,\u201d Matt Hayek, an associate professor in NYU\u2019s department of environmental studies and a co-author of the ACS study, told me. With the new paper, the first peer-reviewed meta-analysis of leather\u2019s overall greenhouse gas emissions, the researchers hope to help bring leather the same kind of scrutiny that\u2019s been applied to the food system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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When one industry produces several different saleable products \u2014 such as the meat, hides, and other materials derived from cattle \u2014 researchers must decide how much of that industry\u2019s emissions should be assigned to each product. There are multiple methods for doing this, but one common one is to use each co-product\u2019s relative economic value. The new paper\u2019s estimate for leather\u2019s carbon footprint comes in so much higher than earlier estimates partly because of the authors\u2019 more accurate global accounting of emissions attributable to animal hides.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Many previous studies of leather\u2019s carbon footprint have relied on the EU\u2019s environmental footprint accounting for leather, which assume that animal hides are responsible for a tiny share of the environmental burden of cattle farming. That is because, in Europe, dairy and meat production are closely intertwined, with being used for both milk and beef. The European guidelines that have informed many estimates of leather\u2019s emissions recommend allocating 88 percent of cattle\u2019s environmental impact to dairy, and 12 percent to all products coming from the slaughtered animal carcass, which includes mostly beef, but also hides. The downstream result is that hides are treated as responsible for just 0.42 percent of the animal\u2019s total farming footprint \u2014 essentially a rounding error.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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But that assumption travels poorly to other parts of the world, including the US and other top producers of bovine hides destined to become leather, where most cattle herds are not<\/em> used for dairy. In Brazil, the world\u2019s cattle-farming capital, only a small share of cattle are dairy animals. Most cattle there are raised for their beef and hides, and demand for leather from the US and other rich countries has helped drive deforestation in the Amazon rainforest, which gets cut down to make room for cattle rearing.<\/p>\n

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To correct for the \u201cEurocentric view\u201d used in past research, as Roncevich called it, the team used data from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization to more accurately trace global cattle herds \u2014 accounting for differences between beef and dairy herds and calculating the emissions associated with them in different regions. To determine what share of those emissions should be assigned to leather, they then used estimates of the economic value of animal hides in different parts of the world. As a global weighted average, they found, bovine hides actually make up about 8.1 percent of the total value of the animal at slaughter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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That might not sound very high, but, the authors argue, it\u2019s significant enough to meaningfully shape the cattle industry. \u201cLeather is a valuable co-product that impacts decisions during the cow\u2019s lifetime,\u201d Roncevich said. Farmers bring animals into the world according to demand for their products \u2014 and consumer demand for leather likely means that global cattle herds are larger than they would be otherwise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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I consulted agricultural economist Richard Sexton, an emeritus professor at UC Davis, for his thoughts on that analysis. The 8.1 percent economic allocation to cattle hides \u201csounds roughly right,\u201d he told me in an email, but he\u2019s skeptical that even a collapse in demand for leather would have a major impact on global cattle populations. He predicts that such a scenario would result in \u201ca new equilibrium with a somewhat smaller herd size and slaughter volume, but nothing drastic or extreme.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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What comes after leather?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Beyond the wonky questions about carbon accounting, this research taps into a more visceral debate in the fashion world and our broader culture: the pervasive assumption that what comes from nature must be better for nature. But what seems natural is not necessarily good.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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That message is often especially anathema in fashion media and influencer circles, where natural fibers, including animal-based ones, are widely extolled. \u201cThere\u2019s definitely such a gut reaction that people have when they hear the terms \u2018natural\u2019 versus \u2018synthetic,\u2019\u201d said Roncevich, who is also a designer of accessories made with animal-free materials. (Of course, there is little that\u2019s natural about cattle ranching or preserving animal skins so that they don\u2019t readily biodegrade.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Many shoppers believe animal leather is more durable than synthetic alternatives, which could partially offset its much higher carbon footprint if it means people need to replace shoes, bags, or jackets less frequently. That can <\/em>be true, particularly when the synthetic leathers most readily available to consumers are the cheap, thin kind that can crack and peel after relatively little use. There is also concern about the damage of introducing more plastics-based products into the environment. But the reality is far more complicated than a clean quality binary between slaughter-based and synthetic leather (the former can fall apart, too, and is often made more durable with plastic-based finishes). Animal leather has plenty of toxic baggage of its own, from the chromium salts and other pollutants generated by tanneries to the manure runoff and water pollution associated with cattle ranching.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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All of the non-animal leathers evaluated in the meta-analysis had a much lower carbon footprint than bovine leather \u2014 and the category is no longer limited to fossil fuel-derived pleathers. Startups are now developing leather-like materials from mycelium, cactus, pineapple leaves, apple pomace, and other bio-based materials. But for these materials to become more than niche alternatives and scale affordably, they\u2019ll need continued innovation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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I suspect people\u2019s feelings about natural and synthetic materials have less to do with a rational weighing of impacts than about the cultural meanings and class signals attached to them. But those signifiers aren\u2019t immutable. Some large companies like Apple have started to ditch animal-derived leather materials, and the study\u2019s authors call for more brands to invest in bio-based leather alternatives. For that to succeed will demand a bit more of us as consumers, too: to be a little more open-minded about what vegan leathers can be, and more clear-eyed about the harms of the real thing.<\/p>\n

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    A new study finds cow leather\u2019s carbon footprint is 70 percent higher than previous estimates, raising hard questions about one of fashion\u2019s favorite \u201cnatural\u201d materials.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":640,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-641","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-interesting"],"yoast_head":"\nLeather is not an innocent byproduct of the\u00a0meat\u00a0industry - American Living Report<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/americanlivingreport.com\/?p=641\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Leather is not an innocent byproduct of the\u00a0meat\u00a0industry - 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